5 Self-Report Measures

5.1 Compulsive Exercise Test (CET)

The Compulsive Exercise Test measures cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of excessive exercise in individuals (Taranis et al., 2011). There are 24 items that contain 5 subscales which are avoidance and rule-driven behavior, weight control exercise, mood improvement, lack of exercise enjoyment, and exercise rigidity. Each statement is rated on a Likert scale of 1 (never true) to 5 (always true), and the score of each subscale is determined by averaging the items for that factor. Higher scores indicate greater pathology of excessive exercise.

Scoring Scoring for the CET includes: 1. selects only variables that are relevant for the current measure

2. Recode all variables (e.g. changing “never true = 1” to “never true = 0”), renamed necessary variables (e.g. cet_week_repeat to cet_week)

3. Creates a symptom sum score, which gives a count of the number of compulsive exercise symptoms (0-5) that are present for each individual

Key Variables cet_sum (defines the severity of compulsive exercise based on number of symptoms)

5.2 Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)

The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein et al., 1994) is a 70-item questionnaire designed to measure multiple aspects of trauma in childhood. However, we have adapted this questionnaire to only include 28 items. Each item asks the individual to respond to a specific question following the prompt, “When I was growing up…”, and allows individuals to respond on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (“Never True”) to 5 (“Very Often True”). There are five sub-scales in this questionnaire: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect. There were originally four, physical and emotional abuse were combined, but we chose to split them up for better accuracy. Each sub-scale is summed individually. High sub-scale scores indicate more childhood trauma in that sub-scale, and low scores indicate low childhood trauma in that sub-scale.

Scoring 1. Selects only variables that are relevant for the current measure

2. Recode all necessary variables (e.g. ‘Never true =1’ to ‘never true = 0’)

3. Creates a symptom sum score, which gives a sum count of the number of symptoms (0-5) that are present for each individual

Key Variables ctq_sum (defines sum score of symptoms)

5.3 Drive for Muscularity (DFM)

The Drive for Muscularity Scale is a 15 item questionnaire that assesses the perceptions and behaviors surrounding the desire to gain muscles (McCreary & Sasse, 2000). Questions are rated on a Likert scale from 1 (Always) to 6 (Never). The items are then reversed scored and higher sum scores indicating higher drive for muscularity.

Scoring 1. Selects only variables that are relevant for the current measure

2. Items are re-coded to be reversed coded (“1=5, 2=4, 3=3, 4=2, 5=1, 6=0”)

3. Creates a symptom average score, which gives an average count of the number of symptoms (0-5) that are present for each individual

Key Variables muscularity_average (defines sum score of symptoms)

5.4 Intolerance of Uncertainty (IUS)

The IUS-S is a 12 item scale that Carleton et al. (2007) adapted from the original 27-item Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale from Freeston et al. (1994). It assesses the worry that an individual has about the possibility of negative events or outcomes, and there are two subscales that address anxious and avoidant aspects of the intolerance. Each item is scored using a 5-point Likert scale, and the scores are summed, with higher scores signifying a greater intolerance of uncertainty.

Scoring 1. Selects only variables that are relevant for the current measure

2. Recoded all necessary variables (e.g. changing “not at all characteristic of me = 1” to “not characteristic of me = 0”)

3. Creates a symptom average score, which gives an average count of the number of symptoms (0-5) that are present for each individual

Key Variables iuss_sum (defines average score of symptoms)

5.5 The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)

The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) assesses cognitive ability and is frequently used to screen for dementia and examine the severity and progression of cognitive impairment (Kurlowicz & Wallace, 1999). The five categories measured are orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, and language. There are 11 items on the examination, and the scores range from 0-30, with a score 23 or below signaling cognitive impairment.

Scoring 1. selects only the variables that are relevant for the current measure

2. Renames raw variables

Key Variables mmse_total (sum of a participant’s score)

5.6 Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE)

Leary (1983) shortened the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Watson & Friend, 1969) to create the BFNE. It measures the tolerance to the possibility of judgment from others. There are 12 items that use a Likert scale (1 ‘Not at all’ to 5 ‘Extremely’) to rate how characteristic each statement is of the respondent. The items are summed to create a total score where higher scores indicate greater fear of negative evaluation.

Scoring 1. Selects raw variables being used for the current measure

2. Re-code variables to new variable names and values (e.g. ‘Not at all characteristic of me =1’ to ‘Not at all characteristic of me =0’)

3. Sum the total scores

Key Variables bfnes_sum

5.7 BIS/BAS Scale

The Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) scales were developed by Carver and White (1994) to assess how individuals respond to situations. Each statement is rated on a 4-point scale of how strongly one thinks that the statement applies to themselves. The BAS, which is the extent to which someone acts to gain rewards or positive outcomes, has three sub-scales: reward responsiveness, drive and fun seeking. There is one sub-scale for BIS, which is the extent to which someone acts to avoid negative outcomes.

Scoring 1. Selects all relevant variables

2. Adds variables bis_ambitious bis_all_out bis_act_now bis_no_hold get bas_drive.
3. Adds variables bis_explore bis_fun bis_spontaneous bis_crave_excite to get bas_fun_seeking
4. Adds variables bis_love_doing bis_excitement bis_opportunity_excite bis_positive_effect bis_excite_win to get bas_reward_responsiveness
5. Adds variables bis_negative_event_fear bis_criticism bis_angry bis_worked_up bis_worry_poor_perform bis_no_fear bis_worry_for_mistake to get bis_sum

Key Variables bis_sum bas_drive bas_fun_seeking bas_reward_responsiveness

5.8 The Body Image States Scale (BISS)

The Body Image States Scale (BISS) is a six-item measure of individuals’ evaluation and affect about their physical appearance at a particular moment in time. They score from 0 (least impaired) to 8 (most impaired).

Scoring 1. Selects raw variables being used for the current measure

2. Renames variables to be easily identified

3. Recode variables so that the least impaired = 0 and the most impaired = 8

4. Sum the total scores and rename this summary as biss_sum

Key Variables biss_appearance_pre biss_body_size_pre biss_weight_pre biss_attractive_pre biss_looks_pre biss_average_looks_pre

5.9 The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is an instrument measuring emotion regulation problems developed by K.L. Gratz and L. Roemer.The self-report scale is comprised of 36 items asking respondents how they relate to their emotions in order to produce scores on 6 different subscales.This tool can be especially useful in helping patients identify areas for growth in how they respond to their emotions, especially those with Borderline Personality Disorder, Generalised Anxiety Disorder or Substance Use Disorder. The DERS scale has been shown to have high internal consistency, good test–retest reliability, and adequate construct and predictive validity (Gratz & Roemer, 2003).

Scoring

Key Variables

5.10 Eating Disorder Diagnostic scale (ED History)

Eating Disorder Diagnostic scale, which is a 22-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa, and Binge-eating disorder symptomatology aligned with the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. The scale is comprised of a combination of Likert ratings, dichotomous scores, behavioural frequency scores, and open-ended questions asking for weight and height.

Scoring 1. Selects raw variables being used for the current measure

2. Renames variables to be easily identified

3. Sum the total scores and rename this summary as edhistory_sum

Key Variables edhistory_weightloss edhistory_fear_fat edhistory_feel_fat edhistory_thin edhistory_danger edhistory_limit_food edhistory_concentrate edhistory_binge edhistory_not_hungry edhistory_alone edhistory_guilt edhistory_upset edhistory_self_vomit edhistory_laxatives edhistory_diuretics edhistory_fast

5.11 Food Cravings Questionnaire(FCQ)

Food Cravings Questionnaire which is used instrument to assess food cravings as a multidimensional construct. Its 39 items have an underlying nine-factor structure to demonstrate food cravings as well as restrictions.

Scoring 1. Selects raw variables being used for the current measure

2. Renames variables to be easily identified

3. Recode variables so that “strongly disagree” = 0 and “strongly agree” = 4

4. Sum the total scores and rename this summary as fcq_sum

Key Variables fcq_desire_restrict_pre fcq_desire_fast_pre fcq_desire_vomit_pre fcq_desire_laxatives_pre fcq_desire_exercise_pre fcq_desire_binge_pre

5.12 Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS)

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is a 35 question self-report measure with four sub-scales of perfectionism. It contains a total of 35 items. These are subsumed to the following, originally six, now four subscales: Concern over mistakes and doubts about actions, Excessive concern with parents’ expectations and evaluation, Excessively high personal standards, Concern with precision, order and organisation. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert-style scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5= strongly agree) to describe how well each item describes the participant experiences. Scores are derived by summing responses across the questions included in each subscale. High scores on the Organization subscale do not contribute to Total Perfectionism and are not intrinsically problematic, but combined with high scores on the other factors may exacerbate dysfunction.

Scoring 1. selects only the variables that are relevant for the current measure

2. creates six additional variables based on sum scores reflecting six subscales of the questionnaire: m. It contains a total of 35 items. These are subsumed to the following, originally six, now four subscales: Concern over mistakes and doubts about actions, Excessive concern with parents’ expectations and evaluation, Excessively high personal standards, Concern with precision, order and organisation

3. select only a few columns that will go into the final dataset

Key Variables fmps_concerns_mistakes (reflects participant’s concern over mistakes and doubts about actions)

fmps_concerns_parents_expectations (reflects participant’s excessive concern with parents’ expectations and evaluation)

fmps_high_personal_standards (reflects participant’s excessively high personal standards)

fmps_concerns_precision_order (reflects participant’s Concern with precision, order and organisation )

fmps_total_perfectionism_score (reflects participant’s total perfectionism scores)

5.13 Functions of Exercise Scale (FOE)

The Functions of Exercise Scale was developed by Patricia Marten DiBartolo, Linda Lin, Simone Montoya, Heather Neal, and Carey Shaffer. The scale includes two subscales: Weight and Appearance (WA), and Health and Enjoyment (HE). The FES is a 16-item, self-report questionnaire that assesses motivation to exercise. Individuals provide ratings using a 7-item scale from “1 = do not agree” to “7 = strongly agree”. FES-HE scores are positively correlated with psychological well-being and physical health. Conversely, FES-WA scores are negatively correlated with depressive and eating disorder symptoms, self-esteem, and physical well-being.

Scoring

Key Variables

5.14 Menstrual Cycle Information (MCI)

The Menstrual Cycle Information is a form of retrospective questionnaires (rating severity of symptoms from memory) that examines the participant’s menstrual information and secondary sexual characteristics. It consists 22 questions, including open-ended, yes-no, and

Scoring 1. selects only the variables that are relevant for the current measure

2. rename raw variables to appropraite names that are easy to understand

3. recode old variables to make it consistent that no equals to zero in the scoresheet

4. select only a few columns that will go into the final dataset

Key Variables mci_estimate (assess whether participant can reliably estimate the stages of her cycle)

mci_public_hair (reflects participant’s public hair development)

mci_hysterectomy (assess whether participant has had a hysterectomy)

5.15 NVS Self-report

The NVS Self-report states questionnaire consists three different parts: the first four questions measuring mental efforts, then six questions assessing body image states, and the last eighteen questions examining food craving intentions.

Scoring 1. selects only the variables that are relevant for the current measure

2. rename raw variables to appropraite names that are easy to understand

3. creates three additional variables based on sum scores reflecting three components of the questionnaire: mental efforts, body image states, and food craving. Meanwhile, recode old variables to make it consistent that “strongly disagree” and “extremely dissatisfied” equal to zero

4. select only a few columns that will go into the final dataset

Key Variables nvs_mental_effort (reflects participant’s mental effort scores)

nvs_body_image (reflects participant’s body image satisfication)

nvs_food_craving (reflects participant’s food craving intents)

5.16 Physical activity affect scale (PAAS)

Scoring 1. Selects raw variables being used for the current measure

2. Renames variables to be easily identified

3. Sum the total scores and rename this summary as biss_sum

Key Variables paas_enthusiastic_pre paas_crummy_pre paas_fatigued_pre paas_calm_pre

5.17 State Trait Anxiety Inventory is a self-evaluation (STAI)

The State Trait Anxiety Inventory is a self-evaluation questionnaire developed by Charles D. Spielberger. It can be used in clinical settings to diagnose anxiety and to distinguish it from depressive syndromes. Form Y, its most popular version, has 20 items for assessing trait anxiety and 20 for state anxiety. All items are rated on a 4-point scale, and higher scores indicate greater anxiety.

Scoring

Key Variables

5.18 Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale(YBOCS)

The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was developed by Wayne Goodman Dennis Charney, and is designed to rate the types of symptoms in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and their severity. This rating scale is intended for use as a semi-structured interview. The interview should assess the items in the listed order and use the questions provided. The total score is usually computed from the subscales for obsessions (items 1-5) and compulsions (items 6-10).

Scoring

Key Variables