Chapter 5 Self-Report Measures

5.1 Compulsive Exercise Test (CET)

Scoring of the Compulsive Exercise Test was developed by researchers at Loughborough University to assess the primary factors operating in the maintenance of excessive exercise.

Scoring Scoring for the CET includes: 1. selects only variables that are relevant for the current measure

  1. Recoded all variables (e.g. changing “never true = 1” to “never true = 0”), renamed necessary variables (e.g. cet_week_repeat to cet_week)

  2. Creates a symptom sum score, which gives a count of the number of compulsive exercise symptoms (0-5) that are present for each individual

Key Variables ‘cet_sum’(defines the severity of compulsive exercise based on number of symptoms)

5.2 Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)

Scoring of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was developed by David Bernstein and colleagues and includes a 28-item self-report measure (Berstein, et al., 1998). The CTQ is designed to examine traumatic childhood experiences in adults and adolescents. Questions focus on traumatic experiences and examples of abuse and neglect (ie. ctq_not_enough_to_eat, ctq_parents_drunk_high, etc.). Items are scored on a Likert scale from 1 (never true) to 5 (very often true). High scores indicate more trauma (Wright et al., 2001).

Scoring 1. Selects only variables that are relevant for the current measure

  1. Recoded all necessary variables (e.g. ‘Never true =1’ to ‘never true = 0’)

  2. Creates a symptom sum score, which gives a sum count of the number of symptoms (0-5) that are present for each individual

Key Variables ‘ctq_sum’ (defines sum score of symptoms)

5.3 Drive for Muscularity (DFM)

Scoring of the Drive for Muscularity was developed to assess an individual’s perception that he or she is not muscular enough and that bulk should be added to his or her body frame, in the form of muscle mass. The survey asks to indicate the extent to which a series of attitudes and behaviors are descriptive of themselves (i.e. “I wish that I were more muscular”) (McCreary, D.R., et al., 2004). The survey is more commonly used by men, but there is reliability, but somewhat low validity in using the scale to survey females, particularly with an eating disorder diagnosis (Carvalho, P., et al., 2019). The Drive for Mascularity (DMS) is a 15 item survey with two lower-order factors: masculinity related attitudes and muscle enhancing behaviors.

Scoring 1. Selects only variables that are relevant for the current measure

  1. Recoded all necessary variables (e.g. changing “always = 1” to “always = 0”)

  2. Creates a symptom aaverage score, which gives an average count of the number of symptoms (0-5) that are present for each individual

Key Variables ‘iuss_sum’ (defines sum score of symptoms)

5.4 Intolerance of Uncertainty (IUS)

Scoring of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale developed by Freeston, Rhéaume, Letarte, Dugas, and Ladouceur (1994) is a 27 item survey to assess Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU). The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) assesses reaction to four main ideas: uncertainty is stressful and upsetting, uncertainty leads to the inability to act, uncertain events are negative and should be avoided, and being uncertain is unfair (Buhr, K, et al., 2001). It consists of two factors: prospective anxiety (i.e. “I can’t stand being taken by surprise”) and inhibitory anxiety (i.e. “I must get away from all uncertain situations”). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert type scale from 1 (“Not at all characteristic of me”) to 5 (“Entirely characteristic of me”). Degree of intolerance was determined by finding the sum or total of all answers. High scores indicate greater IU.

Scoring 1. Selects only variables that are relevant for the current measure

  1. Recoded all necessary variables (e.g. changing “not at all charachteristic of me = 1” to “not charachteristic of me = 0”)

  2. Creates a symptom aaverage score, which gives an average count of the number of symptoms (0-5) that are present for each individual

Key Variables ‘muscularity_average’ (defines average score of symptoms)

5.5 The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)

The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is used to systematically and thoroughly assess cognitive fucntioning, with 11-question measuring five areas: orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, and language. The maximum score is 30. A score of 23 or lower is indicative of cognitive impairment. It is commonly used in medicine and allied health to screen for dementia. It is also used to estimate the severity and progression of cognitive impairment and to follow the course of cognitive changes in an individual over time.

Scoring 1. selects only the variables that are relevant for the current measure

  1. rename raw variables to appropraite names that are easy to understand

  2. recode old variables to make it consistent that score 0 equals to zero in the scoresheet.

  3. select only a few columns that will go into the final dataset

Key Variables mmse_total (sum of a participant’s score)

##Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P Scale)

Scoring 1. Selects only variables that are relevant for the current measure

  1. Recoded all necessary variables (e.g. ‘agree strongly = 1’ to ‘agree strongly = 0’)

  2. Creates a symptom aaverage score, which gives an average count of the number of symptoms (0-3) that are present for each individual

Key Variables ‘upps_average’ (defines average score of symptoms)

5.6 Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE)

Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale is a scale measuring a person’s tolerance for the possibility they might be judged disparagingly or hostiley by others.This scale is composed of 12 items describing fearful or worrying cognition. The respondent indicates the extent to which each item describes himself or herself on a Likert scale ranging from 1 ‘Not at all’ to 5 ‘Extremely’

Scoring 1. Selects raw variables being used for the current measure

  1. Renames variables to be easily identified

  2. Sum the total scores and rename this summary as bfne_sum

Key Variables bfnes_worry_think bfnes_unconcerned_think bfnes_frequently_afraid bfnes_rarely_worry bfnes_afraid_approve bfnes_afraid_fault bfnes_other_opinions bfnes_when_talking bfnes_usually_worried bfnes_if_judging bfnes_too_concerned bfnes_often_worry

5.7 BIS/BAS Scale

The BIS/BAS Scale is a 24-item self-report questionnaire designed by C.S. Carver and T.L. White. The scale is designed to measure two motivational systems: the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), which corresponds to motivation to avoid aversive outcomes, and the behavioral activation system (BAS), which corresponds to motivation to approach goal-oriented outcomes. Participants respond to each item using a 4-point Likert scale: 1 (very true for me), 2 (somewhat true for me), 3 (somewhat false for me), and 4 (very false for me).

Scoring

Key Variables

5.8 The Body Image States Scale (BISS)

The Body Image States Scale (BISS) is a six-item measure of individuals’ evaluation and affect about their physical appearance at a particular moment in time. They score from 0 (least impaired) to 8 (most impaired).

Scoring 1. Selects raw variables being used for the current measure

  1. Renames variables to be easily identified

  2. Recode variables so that the least impaired = 0 and the most impaired = 8

  3. Sum the total scores and rename this summary as biss_sum

Key Variables biss_appearance_pre biss_body_size_pre biss_weight_pre biss_attractive_pre biss_looks_pre biss_average_looks_pre

5.9 The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is an instrument measuring emotion regulation problems developed by K.L. Gratz and L. Roemer.The self-report scale is comprised of 36 items asking respondents how they relate to their emotions in order to produce scores on 6 different subscales.This tool can be especially useful in helping patients identify areas for growth in how they respond to their emotions, especially those with Borderline Personality Disorder, Generalised Anxiety Disorder or Substance Use Disorder. The DERS scale has been shown to have high internal consistency, good test–retest reliability, and adequate construct and predictive validity (Gratz & Roemer, 2003).

Scoring

Key Variables

5.10 Eating Disorder Diagnostic scale (ED History)

Eating Disorder Diagnostic scale, which is a 22-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa, and Binge-eating disorder symptomatology aligned with the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. The scale is comprised of a combination of Likert ratings, dichotomous scores, behavioural frequency scores, and open-ended questions asking for weight and height.

Scoring 1. Selects raw variables being used for the current measure

  1. Renames variables to be easily identified

  2. Sum the total scores and rename this summary as edhistory_sum

Key Variables edhistory_weightloss edhistory_fear_fat edhistory_feel_fat edhistory_thin edhistory_danger edhistory_limit_food edhistory_concentrate edhistory_binge edhistory_not_hungry edhistory_alone edhistory_guilt edhistory_upset edhistory_self_vomit edhistory_laxatives edhistory_diuretics edhistory_fast

5.11 Food Cravings Questionnaire(FCQ)

Food Cravings Questionnaire which is used instrument to assess food cravings as a multidimensional construct. Its 39 items have an underlying nine-factor structure to demonstrate food cravings as well as restrictions.

Scoring 1. Selects raw variables being used for the current measure

  1. Renames variables to be easily identified

  2. Recode variables so that “strongly disagree” = 0 and “strongly agree” = 4

  3. Sum the total scores and rename this summary as fcq_sum

Key Variables fcq_desire_restrict_pre fcq_desire_fast_pre fcq_desire_vomit_pre fcq_desire_laxatives_pre fcq_desire_exercise_pre fcq_desire_binge_pre

5.12 Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS)

The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) is a 35 question self-report measure with four sub-scales of perfectionism. It contains a total of 35 items. These are subsumed to the following, originally six, now four subscales: Concern over mistakes and doubts about actions, Excessive concern with parents’ expectations and evaluation, Excessively high personal standards, Concern with precision, order and organisation. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert-style scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5= strongly agree) to describe how well each item describes the participant experiences. Scores are derived by summing responses across the questions included in each subscale. High scores on the Organization subscale do not contribute to Total Perfectionism and are not intrinsically problematic, but combined with high scores on the other factors may exacerbate dysfunction.

Scoring 1. selects only the variables that are relevant for the current measure

  1. creates six additional variables based on sum scores reflecting six subscales of the questionnaire: m. It contains a total of 35 items. These are subsumed to the following, originally six, now four subscales: Concern over mistakes and doubts about actions, Excessive concern with parents’ expectations and evaluation, Excessively high personal standards, Concern with precision, order and organisation

  2. select only a few columns that will go into the final dataset

Key Variables fmps_concerns_mistakes (reflects participant’s concern over mistakes and doubts about actions)

fmps_concerns_parents_expectations (reflects participant’s excessive concern with parents’ expectations and evaluation)

fmps_high_personal_standards (reflects participant’s excessively high personal standards)

fmps_concerns_precision_order (reflects participant’s Concern with precision, order and organisation )

fmps_total_perfectionism_score (reflects participant’s total perfectionism scores)

5.13 Functions of Exercise Scale (FOE)

The Functions of Exercise Scale was developed by Patricia Marten DiBartolo, Linda Lin, Simone Montoya, Heather Neal, and Carey Shaffer. The scale includes two subscales: Weight and Appearance (WA), and Health and Enjoyment (HE). The FES is a 16-item, self-report questionnaire that assesses motivation to exercise. Individuals provide ratings using a 7-item scale from “1 = do not agree” to “7 = strongly agree”. FES-HE scores are positively correlated with psychological well-being and physical health. Conversely, FES-WA scores are negatively correlated with depressive and eating disorder symptoms, self-esteem, and physical well-being.

Scoring

Key Variables

5.14 Menstrual Cycle Information (MCI)

The Menstrual Cycle Information is a form of retrospective questionnaires (rating severity of symptoms from memory) that examines the participant’s menstrual information and secondary sexual characteristics. It consists 22 questions, including open-ended, yes-no, and likert scales.

Scoring 1. selects only the variables that are relevant for the current measure

  1. rename raw variables to appropraite names that are easy to understand

  2. recode old variables to make it consistent that no equals to zero in the scoresheet

  3. select only a few columns that will go into the final dataset

Key Variables mci_estimate (assess whether participant can reliably estimate the stages of her cycle)

mci_public_hair (reflects participant’s public hair development)

mci_hysterectomy (assess whether participant has had a hysterectomy)

5.15 NVS Self-report

The NVS Self-report states questionnaire consists three different parts: the first four questions measuring mental efforts, then six questions assessing body image states, and the last eighteen questions examining food craving intentions.

Scoring 1. selects only the variables that are relevant for the current measure

  1. rename raw variables to appropraite names that are easy to understand

  2. creates three additional variables based on sum scores reflecting three components of the questionnaire: mental efforts, body image states, and food craving. Meanwhile, recode old variables to make it consistent that “strongly disagree” and “extremely dissatisfied” equal to zero

  3. select only a few columns that will go into the final dataset

Key Variables nvs_mental_effort (reflects participant’s mental effort scores)

nvs_body_image (reflects participant’s body image satisfication)

nvs_food_craving (reflects participant’s food craving intents)

5.16 Physical activity affect scale (PAAS)

Scoring 1. Selects raw variables being used for the current measure

  1. Renames variables to be easily identified

  2. Sum the total scores and rename this summary as biss_sum

Key Variables paas_enthusiastic_pre paas_crummy_pre paas_fatigued_pre paas_calm_pre

5.17 State Trait Anxiety Inventory is a self-evaluation (STAI)

The State Trait Anxiety Inventory is a self-evaluation questionnaire developed by Charles D. Spielberger. It can be used in clinical settings to diagnose anxiety and to distinguish it from depressive syndromes. Form Y, its most popular version, has 20 items for assessing trait anxiety and 20 for state anxiety. All items are rated on a 4-point scale, and higher scores indicate greater anxiety.

Scoring

Key Variables

5.18 Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale(YBOCS)

The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was developed by Wayne Goodman Dennis Charney, and is designed to rate the types of symptoms in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and their severity. This rating scale is intended for use as a semi-structured interview. The interview should assess the items in the listed order and use the questions provided. The total score is usually computed from the subscales for obsessions (items 1-5) and compulsions (items 6-10).

Scoring

Key Variables